Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição etária e mortalidade dos Tikmũ’ũn/Maxakali, comparando com dados das cidades vizinhas aos seus territórios, de Minas Gerais (MG) e do Brasil. Método: Estudo descritivo com informações referentes ao ano de 2022. Verificou-se a distribuição populacional por sexo e faixa etária, calculou-se a mortalidade proporcional por faixa etária, sobretaxa da mortalidade proporcional entre indígenas e não-indígenas e coeficientes de mortalidade infantil dos Tikmũ’ũn/Maxakali, de não-indígenas que vivem na mesma região, além de indígenas e não-indígenas de MG e do Brasil. Resultados: 2,4% da população Tikmũ’ũn/Maxakali têm mais de 60 anos. Não-indígenas nessa faixa são 17,9% nos municípios vizinhos, 17,8% em MG e 15,9% no Brasil. A mortalidade proporcional dos Tikmũ’ũn/Maxakali foi de 25% em três faixas: menores de 1 ano, 20 a 49 anos e maiores de 50 anos. Para os demais grupos, a maior parte das mortes (>72,4%) ocorreu acima de 50 anos. O coeficiente de mortalidade infantil dos Tikmũ’ũn/Maxakali foi de 66,7 óbitos para mil nascidos vivos, para não-indígenas dos municípios vizinhos foi de 17,5 por mil e entre indígenas de MG e do Brasil foi de 26 por mil e 26,7 por mil, respectivamente. Conclusão: A distribuição etária e mortalidade entre os Tikmũ’ũn/Maxakali é significativamente desfavorável quando comparadas a outros segmentos populacionais brasileiros, podendo comprometer sua própria existência enquanto povo. Medidas urgentes devem ser tomadas pelo Estado brasileiro para analisar e intervir nas condições sócio-sanitárias e econômicas determinantes dessa situação.
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